Martin M. Miles' photos with the keyword: Rynek

Nysa was probably founded in the 10th century. The name of the Nysa river, from which the town takes its name, was mentioned in 991 when it was part of the Duchy of Poland under Mieszko I. A Polish stronghold was built in Nysa in the 11th and 12th centuries due to the proximity of the border with the Czech Duchy. From the 14th century on it was administered by the Bishopric of Wrocław. Nysa was granted town rights around 1223 and attracted Flemish and German settlers. In 1241 it was ravaged by the Mongols during the first Mongol invasion. In 1245, it was granted staple right and two yearly fairs were established. Nysa became an important trade and craft center of Poland before it passed under the suzerainty of the Bohemian Crown in 1351, under which it remained until 1742. The town's fortifications from 1350 served to defend against the Hussites in 1424. During the Thirty Years' War, it was besieged three times. It was looted by the Saxons and Swedes. During the First Silesian War in 1741, it was captured by Prussians. In 1758 it was unsuccessfully besieged by the Austrians and stayed Prussian. Towards the end of WWII, about 80% of the city center was destroyed. Most affected were the houses on the Rynek (Market Place) and the houses along the main streets. - In 1346 monks built a monastery and hospital complex in the Old Town, next to the Church of Maria in Rosis (Our Lady of the Rosary). After the fire resulting from fights with the Hussites, they were moved and the church was finally demolished in 1622. The collegiate church of St. Peter and Paul was built between 1720 and 1727 by the Knights of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem in the Baroque style on the former city wall. After secularization in 1810, the church became a soap factory for a time. In the 19th century there was a hospital in the monastery, in the years 1949–1997 it was the seat of the theological seminary, now it houses the Diocesan Gymnasium The church was renovated in the 1830s and again in the late 1920s The building survived the fighting at the end of the Second World War largely unscathed. Only the church windows were destroyed.

Nysa was probably founded in the 10th century. The name of the Nysa river, from which the town takes its name, was mentioned in 991 when it was part of the Duchy of Poland under Mieszko I. A Polish stronghold was built in Nysa in the 11th and 12th centuries due to the proximity of the border with the Czech Duchy. From the 14th century on it was administered by the Bishopric of Wrocław. Nysa was granted town rights around 1223 and attracted Flemish and German settlers. In 1241 it was ravaged by the Mongols during the first Mongol invasion. In 1245, it was granted staple right and two yearly fairs were established. Nysa became an important trade and craft center of Poland before it passed under the suzerainty of the Bohemian Crown in 1351, under which it remained until 1742. The town's fortifications from 1350 served to defend against the Hussites in 1424. During the Thirty Years' War, it was besieged three times. It was looted by the Saxons and Swedes. During the First Silesian War in 1741, it was captured by Prussians. In 1758 it was unsuccessfully besieged by the Austrians and stayed Prussian. Towards the end of WWII, about 80% of the city center was destroyed. Most affected were the houses on the Rynek (Market Place) and the houses along the main streets. - In 1346 monks built a monastery and hospital complex in the Old Town, next to the Church of Maria in Rosis (Our Lady of the Rosary). After the fire resulting from fights with the Hussites, they were moved and the church was finally demolished in 1622. The collegiate church of St. Peter and Paul was built between 1720 and 1727 by the Knights of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem in the Baroque style on the former city wall. After secularization in 1810, the church became a soap factory for a time. In the 19th century there was a hospital in the monastery, in the years 1949–1997 it was the seat of the theological seminary, now it houses the Diocesan Gymnasium The church was renovated in the 1830s and again in the late 1920s The building survived the fighting at the end of the Second World War largely unscathed. Only the church windows were destroyed. The church building is characterized by its double tower facade.

Nysa was probably founded in the 10th century. The name of the Nysa river, from which the town takes its name, was mentioned in 991 when it was part of the Duchy of Poland under Mieszko I. A Polish stronghold was built in Nysa in the 11th and 12th centuries due to the proximity of the border with the Czech Duchy. From the 14th century on it was administered by the Bishopric of Wrocław. Nysa was granted town rights around 1223 and attracted Flemish and German settlers. In 1241 it was ravaged by the Mongols during the first Mongol invasion. In 1245, it was granted staple right and two yearly fairs were established. Nysa became an important trade and craft center of Poland before it passed under the suzerainty of the Bohemian Crown in 1351, under which it remained until 1742. The town's fortifications from 1350 served to defend against the Hussites in 1424. During the Thirty Years' War, it was besieged three times. It was looted by the Saxons and Swedes. During the First Silesian War in 1741, it was captured by Prussians. In 1758 it was unsuccessfully besieged by the Austrians and stayed Prussian. Towards the end of WWII, about 80% of the city center was destroyed. Most affected were the houses on the Rynek (Market Place) and the houses along the main streets. - In 1346 monks built a monastery and hospital complex in the Old Town, next to the Church of Maria in Rosis (Our Lady of the Rosary). After the fire resulting from fights with the Hussites, they were moved and the church was finally demolished in 1622. The collegiate church of St. Peter and Paul was built between 1720 and 1727 by the Knights of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem in the Baroque style on the former city wall. After secularization in 1810, the church became a soap factory for a time. In the 19th century there was a hospital in the monastery, in the years 1949–1997 it was the seat of the theological seminary, now it houses the Diocesan Gymnasium The church was renovated in the 1830s and again in the late 1920s The building survived the fighting at the end of the Second World War largely unscathed. Only the church windows were destroyed. The church building is characterized by its double tower facade, here seen from the Rynek (Market).

The history of Opole dates back to the 8th and 9th centuries. The territory is politically disputed. Around 990 Silesia, together with the territory of Opole, was annexed by Mieszko I to the Polish state. In 1039 Břetislav I reconquered the territory for eleven years, after which Opole reverted to Bohemia. In 1050, Casimir I reconquered Silesia. It became a Polish duchy in 1172 and received city rights from Duke Casimir I of Opole in 1217. Opole was a center of trade. Several trade routes crossed here, which helped to make profits from transit trade. After the death of King Ludvík II Silesia was inherited by Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, placing Opole under the sovereignty of the Habsburg monarchy of Austria. The Habsburgs took control of the region in 1532 but pawned the duchy to different rulers including several monarchs of Poland. In 1615, a fire destroyed all the houses within the city walls. After the Swedish invasion of Poland, in 1655 John II Casimir Vasa stayed with his court here. In November of that year, the "Uniwersał opolski" was issued here by the King, calling for Poles to rise against the Swedes. After 1668 the region passed again to the control of the Habsburgs. Frederick II of Prussia conquered most of Silesia from Austria in 1740 during the Silesian Wars. Under Prussian rule, the ethnic structure of the city began to change and a kind of "Germanization" set in. Nevertheless, Opole remained an important cultural, social and political center for the Poles in Upper Silesia. In the course of German unification in 1871 Opole became part of the German Empire. After WWI, a referendum was held with the result that Silesia remained part of the German Reich. After the end of WWII in 1945, Oppeln was transferred from Germany to Poland and the name changed from Oppeln to Opole. The Town Hall is located in the center of the Rynek (Market Square). The first wooden town hall was located here already in the early 14th century. In the 15th/16th century, the wooden building was replaced by one made of bricks. In the summer of 1615, the town hall and many buildings on the Rynek burned down. Already in 1619, the town hall was completed again. In 1739 there was another big fire in the town. Only the outer walls of the town hall remained standing. Some years later the town hall was restored. In 1818 the construction of the new town hall began. The tower was built in 1863. This tower collapsed during reconstruction works in the 1930s and was rebuilt in 1936.

The history of Opole dates back to the 8th and 9th centuries. The territory is politically disputed. Around 990 Silesia, together with the territory of Opole, was annexed by Mieszko I to the Polish state. In 1039 Břetislav I reconquered the territory for eleven years, after which Opole reverted to Bohemia. In 1050, Casimir I reconquered Silesia. It became a Polish duchy in 1172 and received city rights from Duke Casimir I of Opole in 1217. Opole was a center of trade. Several trade routes crossed here, which helped to make profits from transit trade. After the death of King Ludvík II Silesia was inherited by Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, placing Opole under the sovereignty of the Habsburg monarchy of Austria. The Habsburgs took control of the region in 1532 but pawned the duchy to different rulers including several monarchs of Poland. In 1615, a fire destroyed all the houses within the city walls. After the Swedish invasion of Poland, in 1655 John II Casimir Vasa stayed with his court here. In November of that year, the "Uniwersał opolski" was issued here by the King, calling for Poles to rise against the Swedes. After 1668 the region passed again to the control of the Habsburgs. Frederick II of Prussia conquered most of Silesia from Austria in 1740 during the Silesian Wars. Under Prussian rule, the ethnic structure of the city began to change and a kind of "Germanization" set in. Nevertheless, Opole remained an important cultural, social and political center for the Poles in Upper Silesia. In the course of German unification in 1871 Opole became part of the German Empire. After WWI, a referendum was held with the result that Silesia remained part of the German Reich. After the end of WWII in 1945, Oppeln was transferred from Germany to Poland and the name changed from Oppeln to Opole. The Rynek (Market Square) is lined by historic townhouses - and restaurants.

Olkusz already had city rights in 1299. The city was on the important trade route from Kraków to Wrocław (Via Regia). Ore mining led to prosperity. Olkusz was one of the few towns that had the legal system of the "Royal Free Mining Town" with its associated privilege, i.e. free exploration of ores ie search for ores without levy to the landowner. Miners, smelters, mine surveyors, silver, ore and metal dealers from many regions met here. At the end of the 13th century, some Jewish merchants were already living in the village. A synagogue was built in the mid-16th century. At the end of the 17th century, the city had lost its former splendor. Famines, excessive ore mining, fires, and the war against the Swedes (Deluge) caused this. The Collegiate Basilica of St. Andrew the Apostle is a Gothic hall church built at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries. Century. In 1596 the old church tower was replaced by a new one (63 m high). In 1864 the church was in danger of collapse and had to be closed. After a general renovation in 1866-1868, it was reopened, but the restoration of the interior and the giving of the neo-Gothic colors took several more years. In 1896 a fire broke out, causing great damage. Not much remained of the interior splendor because during the Napoleonic wars the French had imprisoned here about 1500 Russian soldiers. These withstood the severe frost by burning everything that could be burned.

Olkusz already had city rights in 1299. The city was on the important trade route from Kraków to Wrocław (Via Regia). Ore mining led to prosperity. Olkusz was one of the few towns that had the legal system of the "Royal Free Mining Town" with its associated privilege, i.e. free exploration of ores ie search for ores without levy to the landowner. Miners, smelters, mine surveyors, silver, ore and metal dealers from many regions met here. At the end of the 13th century, some Jewish merchants were already living in the village. A synagogue was built in the mid-16th century. At the end of the 17th century, the city had lost its former splendor. Famines, excessive ore mining, fires, and the war against the Swedes (Deluge) caused this. The Collegiate Basilica of St. Andrew the Apostle is a Gothic hall church built at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries. Century. In 1596 the old church tower was replaced by a new one (63 m high). In 1864 the church was in danger of collapse and had to be closed. After a general renovation in 1866-1868, it was reopened, but the restoration of the interior and the giving of the neo-Gothic colors took several more years. In 1896 a fire broke out, causing great damage. Not much remained of the interior splendor because during the Napoleonic wars the French had imprisoned here about 1500 Russian soldiers. These withstood the severe frost by burning everything that could be burned.

Olkusz already had city rights in 1299. The city was on the important trade route from Kraków to Wrocław (Via Regia). Ore mining led to prosperity. Olkusz was one of the few towns that had the legal system of the "Royal Free Mining Town" with its associated privilege, i.e. free exploration of ores ie search for ores without levy to the landowner. Miners, smelters, mine surveyors, silver, ore and metal dealers from many regions met here. At the end of the 13th century, some Jewish merchants were already living in the village. A synagogue was built in the mid-16th century. At the end of the 17th century, the city had lost its former splendor. Famines, excessive ore mining, fires, and the war against the Swedes (Deluge) caused this.

A fortress of a regional tribe is attested here. After its destruction, Casimir I the Restorer, son of Mieszko II Lambert, had a castle built here. In 1205 Roman of Volhynia unsuccessfully besieged the castle. In 1241 Lublin was destroyed by the Tatars. In 1244 the place was conquered by Lithuanians, in the same year, Daniel Romanovich of Galicia conquered and fortified it. Under the protection of the castle, the settlement developed into a trade center. In 1317 it received the town charter. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the town grew rapidly. The largest trade fairs of the Polish-Lithuanian community were held in Lublin. In the 16th century, the parliaments (Sejm) of the Kingdom of Poland were held in Lublin several times. At one of the most important ones, the "Union of Lublin" was proclaimed in 1569, uniting Poland and Lithuania. After the capital was moved from Krakow to Warsaw in 1596, Lublin was located away from the main traffic and trade routes. As a result, there was an economic and cultural decline. In the course of the Counter-Reformation, the Protestants were forcibly expelled from the city in 1631, so many merchants emigrated. In 1655 Cossacks sacked the town and the following year Swedish soldiers. After the Northern War, the reconstruction of the town began. Stanislaus II August Poniatowski allowed Protestants to settle in the city again. At this time, a significant Jewish community was also established. The Jews were an important part of life in the city until the Holocaust. During WWII they were deported by Nazi Germany to the infamous Lublin Ghetto and eventually murdered. After the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, Lublin was part of the Austrian Empire, after the Austro-Polish War of 1809 it was part of the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw, and in 1815 it was part of Congress Poland as part of the Russian partition of Poland. Russian rule ended in 1915 when the city was occupied by German and Austro-Hungarian armies. After the end of WWI, the Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland - the first government of independent Poland - was based in Lublin for a short time. - In the center of the square stands a large building, originally built in 1389 and rebuilt in 1781 in neoclassical style in 1781. It served and later as a court. A city festival was held, so the old town was crowded with numerous visitors.

From 1230 to 1283 the Teutonic Order conquered the entire territory of the Slavic Prussians. In 1243 the bishop of Warmia received 1/3 of the territory of his diocese for his maintenance. The town was founded in 1353 under the name of Allensteyn by the chapter of the cathedral of Warmia on its territory. At that time, the castle was already under construction. In 1454 the town joined the Prussian Confederation against the Teutonic Order. The townspeople captured the castle and recognized the sovereignty of the Polish king, but a year later the town was reconquered by the Teutonic Order. During the war the town was in flames several times. By the peace treaty in 1466, Olsztyn and the entire Duchy of Warmia came under Polish sovereignty. For centuries the city was an important centre of trade, crafts, science and administration in the Warmia region. Crossing the market. The tower of the "Bazylika konkatedralna św. Jakuba" (Concathedral Basilica of St James) is seen in the backdrop.

Darlowo (Rügenwalde) was a trading point already in the 11th century, prorected by a fortress named Dirlow. The town, that evolved was destroyed in 1283 during a local war- It got rebuilt and received its city rights (Lübsches Stadtrecht) in 1312. The town passed to the Duchy of Pomerania in 1347 and over the years Dukes constructed a Ducal Castle on a nearby island and chose it as their seat. In 1412 Rügenwalde (Darlowo) became part of the Hanseatic League and had its own trade fleet, larger than in other surrounding towns. Boats and ships owned by local merchants travelled as far as Normandy and Spain. At the end of the 14th century a couple of St. Gertrudis hospitals were founded in Pomerania. This was among them. It was built in 1406 dedicated to the care of the poor, the sick and travelers. St. Gertrude's Church is a late Gothic central building. There are actually four such buildings in Pomerania. I had seen St. Gertrude's Chapel in Koszalin (Köslin) before.

Darlowo (Rügenwalde) was a trading point already in the 11th century, prorected by a fortress named Dirlow. The town, that evolved was destroyed in 1283 during a local war- It got rebuilt and received its city rights (Lübsches Stadtrecht) in 1312. The town passed to the Duchy of Pomerania in 1347 and over the years Dukes constructed a Ducal Castle on a nearby island and chose it as their seat. In 1412 Rügenwalde (Darlowo) became part of the Hanseatic League and had its own trade fleet, larger than in other surrounding towns. Boats and ships owned by local merchants travelled as far as Normandy and Spain. The Kościół Matki Bożej is a Gothic three-nave basilica with a 60-meter-high west tower. Its date of origin is the 14th century. In 1321 the Bishop of Cammin granted the patronage of the Rügenwald St. Mary's Church to the local nobilty. Around that time the erection of the building may have started, The church was destroyed by fire four times, so that probably only the outer walls, perhaps the vault, date from ancient times. In a tower chapel is the "Pomeranian Mausoleum". Here are - the sacrophagus of Eric of Pomerania (1381 - 1459). He is also known as Eric III as King of Norway (1389–1442), Eric VII as King of Denmark (1396–1439) and Eric XIII as King of Sweden (1396–1439). Eric was ultimately deposed from all three kingdoms of the union, but in 1449 he inherited one of the partitions of the Duchy of Pomerania and ruled it as duke until his death. - the sacrophagus of Elisabeth of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg (1580 – 1653). She was a Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg by birth and by marriage to Duke Bogislaw of Pomerania the Duchess of Pomerania-Stettin. - the sacrophagus of Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1595 – 1650). She was a Princess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel by birth and by marriage to Ulrich of Pomerania the Duchess of Pomerania by marriage. Ulrich was Duke of Pomerania as well as Bishop of Cammin. The marriage lasted only three years and remained childless. Ulrich died at the age of 33 as a result of his heavy drinking.

Darlowo (Rügenwalde) was a trading point already in the 11th century, prorected by a fortress named Dirlow. The town, that evolved was destroyed in 1283 during a local war- It got rebuilt and received its city rights (Lübsches Stadtrecht) in 1312. The town passed to the Duchy of Pomerania in 1347 and over the years Dukes constructed a Ducal Castle on a nearby island and chose it as their seat. In 1412 Rügenwalde (Darlowo) became part of the Hanseatic League and had its own trade fleet, larger than in other surrounding towns. Boats and ships owned by local merchants travelled as far as Normandy and Spain. The Kościół Matki Bożej is a Gothic three-nave basilica with a 60-meter-high west tower. Its date of origin is the 14th century. In 1321 the Bishop of Cammin granted the patronage of the Rügenwald St. Mary's Church to the local nobilty. Around that time the erection of the building may have started, The church was destroyed by fire four times, so that probably only the outer walls, perhaps the vault, date from ancient times.

Darlowo (Rügenwalde) was a trading point already in the 11th century, prorected by a fortress named Dirlow. The town, that evolved was destroyed in 1283 during a local war- It got rebuilt and received its city rights (Lübsches Stadtrecht) in 1312. The town passed to the Duchy of Pomerania in 1347 and over the years Dukes constructed a Ducal Castle on a nearby island and chose it as their seat. In 1412 Rügenwalde (Darlowo) became part of the Hanseatic League and had its own trade fleet, larger than in other surrounding towns. Boats and ships owned by local merchants travelled as far as Normandy and Spain. The Kościół Matki Bożej is a Gothic three-nave basilica with a 60-meter-high west tower. Its date of origin is the 14th century. In 1321 the Bishop of Cammin granted the patronage of the Rügenwald St. Mary's Church to the local nobilty. Around that time the erection of the building may have started, The church was destroyed by fire four times, so that probably only the outer walls, perhaps the vault, date from ancient times. The tower hosts a place for the tower keeper.

Darlowo (Rügenwalde) was a trading point already in the 11th century, prorected by a fortress named Dirlow. The town, that evolved was destroyed in 1283 during a local war- It got rebuilt and received its city rights (Lübsches Stadtrecht) in 1312. The town passed to the Duchy of Pomerania in 1347 and over the years Dukes constructed a Ducal Castle on a nearby island and chose it as their seat. In 1412 Rügenwalde (Darlowo) became part of the Hanseatic League and had its own trade fleet, larger than in other surrounding towns. Boats and ships owned by local merchants travelled as far as Normandy and Spain. Brama Wysoka (Hohes Tor, High Gate) is a part of the defunct city walls, built in the 14th century. It is the only surviving gate among the four town gates of medieval Darlowo.

Darlowo (Rügenwalde) was a trading point already in the 11th century, prorected by a fortress named Dirlow. The town, that evolved was destroyed in 1283 during a local war- It got rebuilt and received its city rights (Lübsches Stadtrecht) in 1312. The town passed to the Duchy of Pomerania in 1347 and over the years Dukes constructed a Ducal Castle on a nearby island and chose it as their seat. In 1412 Rügenwalde (Darlowo) became part of the Hanseatic League and had its own trade fleet, larger than in other surrounding towns. Boats and ships owned by local merchants travelled as far as Normandy and Spain.