Martin M. Miles' photos with the keyword: Trinitarian Order

Alcalá de Henares is a city in the "Community of Madrid", located about 30 kilometers northeast of the center of Madrid. It has a population of about 200,000. In the first century AD, the Romans founded a settlement in the Henares Valley, which they called Complutum. The city thrived because it was an important waypoint on the road between Mérida and Zaragoza and had a population of over 10,000. In 711, during the conquest by the Moorish Berber people, the Christian city was not taken. On the other side of the Henares River, a Muslim-built fortress was built, which existed for over 400 years in a relatively peaceful neighborhood with the Christian-inhabited settlement. In 1118, the Archbishop of Toledo Bernardo de Sedirac conquered the Muslim settlement. Alcalá received city rights in 1184. In 1499, Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, Archbishop of Toledo, whose archdiocese then included the city, founded a university here. Together with the Colegio Mayor building, Cisneros had six Colegios Menores built from 1499. The colegios were the part of the university where the students who attended lectures from the various departments lived and learned. - Don Quixote sits on a bench in front of the house where Miguel de Cervantes was born in 1475. In 1569 Cervantes moved to Rome, where he worked for a cardinal. In 1570 he joined the Spanish Navy and was seriously wounded in the Battle of Lepanto in October 1571. As a result, his left arm and hand were permanently paralyzed. He served as a soldier until he was captured by Barbary pirates in 1575. After unsuccessful attempts to escape, Cervantes was ransomed by the Trinitarian Order in 1580 and returned to Spain. In 1585 he worked as a tax collector but he also seized church property, he was excommunicated by an inquisition court. In May 1590 he applied in writing for the vacant governorship of the Central American province of Soconusco, but his request was rejected. 1597/98 he spent 3 months in custody in Seville prison for alleged embezzlement of state funds. There he began work on his most important work, "El ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha". The first part of which appeared in 1605. He published the second part in 1615. Although Don Quixote brought the desired success, Cervantes lost the money he had gained. In the spring of 1616, his health deteriorated noticeably. He made his final vows to the Franciscan community. He died impoverished on April 22, 1616, in Madrid.

In the 8th century, Arab-Moorish armies advanced into the north of the Iberian Peninsula, but as early as the 10th century the area was temporarily reconquered by the Christians (Reconquista). In the late 11th century, Count Pedro Ansúrez made the largely depopulated city his residence, expanded it, and promoted its repopulation (repoblación), which is why he is often considered the actual founder of the city. The University of Valladolid was founded in 1241 by Alfonso VIII of Castille. It is one of the oldest universities in the world. In the 15th century, it became the capital of the Kingdom of Castile until Philip II moved the center of power to the newly built monastery residence Real Sitio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial near Madrid in 1561. In 1561 most of the city burned down but was rebuilt under Philip II. Miguel de Cervantes (1547 - 1616) is considered Spain's national poet. He is the author of Don Quixote. He led a very adventurous life. After a year of studies, he moved to Rome in 1569 and joined a Spanish navy unit stationed in Naples. He took part in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 and got seriously wounded. After a gunshot wound to his left arm, his left hand was permanently paralyzed. In 1575 he began his journey home on board a galley. As the ship was already approaching the coast, it was attacked by Algerian corsairs. After a costly battle, the surviving passengers were captured and taken to Algiers as slaves. It was only after five years that Cervantes was able to be ransomed by the Trinitarian Order in 1580 and returned to Spain. In 1585 he worked as a tax collector. Since he misappropriated church property, he was excommunicated by an inquisition court. In 1590 he unsuccessfully applied for the governorship of the Central American province of Soconusco. He then worked, among other things, for the naval administration and spent 3 months in custody in prison in Seville for alleged embezzlement of state funds. There he began work on his most important work, "El ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha", the first part of which was published in 1605. He published the second part in 1615. Although Don Quixote brought the desired success, Cervantes lost the money he had gained. He died impoverished in Madrid in 1616. In 1877 this monument was erected to him in Valladolid.

Napoli is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy. Its metropolitan area has a population of more than 3 million. Founded by Greek settlers before 900 BC, Napoli was an important part of Magna Graecia and played a major role in the merging of Greek and Roman society. Following the decline of the Western Roman Empire Napoli was shortly ruled by the Ostrogoths. Byzantine troops captured the city in 536m but after the Byzantine exarchate Ravenna fell a Duchy of Naples was created. Over centuries the Duchy´s relations to Rome or Byzanz were hard-fought. In 836 Napoli could repel a siege of Lombard troops with the help of the Saracens, what did not prevent Muhammad I Abu 'l-Abbas in the 850s loot Napoli. In the 11th century, the Duchy hired Norman mercenaries and about 1140 it came under Norman control under Roger II, then King of Sicily. In 1228 Emperor Frederick II founded the first university in Europe here, making Napoli the intellectual centre of the kingdom. The conflict between the House of Hohenstaufen and the Papacy led in 1266 to Pope Innocent IV crowning the Angevin duke Charles I King of Sicily. Charles officially moved the capital from Palermo to Napoli. In 1282 after the "Sicilian Vespers", a successful rebellion on the island of Sicily against the rule of King Charles I, the Kingdom of Sicily was divided into two. The Angevin Kingdom of Naples included the southern part of the Italian peninsula, while the island of Sicily became the Aragonese Kingdom of Sicily. By the 17th century, Naples had become Europe's second-largest city – second only to Paris – with around 250000 inhabitants. In 1620 the San Bartolomeo theater and opera house was erected, where the church is now. It was destroyed by fire in 1681, but was rebuilt. When more theaters were opened in Napoli, the San Bartolomeo closed down and was in 1737 converted into the "Chiesa della Graziella", that become home of the Trinitarian Order. The church get severely damaged in the 1980-earthquake.