Martin M. Miles' photos with the keyword: cenotaph

The history of Wroclaw dates back more than a thousand years. At various times, it has been part of the Kingdom of Poland, the Kingdom of Bohemia, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Habsburg monarchy of Austria, the Kingdom of Prussia, and Germany. Wrocław became part of Poland again in 1945 as part of the result of extensive border changes and expulsions after WWII. In 990 Mieszko I of Poland conquered Silesia and Wrocław. The town became a commercial center. In the 12th century Polish, Bohemian, Jewish, Walloon, and German communities existed here. Wroclaw was devastated in 1241 during the first Mongol invasion of Poland. In the 13th century due to migration from Saxony and Bavaria, Wroclaw got germanised. The population adopted the German language and culture and the name changed to Breslau. Between 1342 and 1344 two fires destroyed large parts of the city, which was a part of the Bohemian Kingdom at that time. Charles IV`s , successors Wenceslaus and Sigismund became involved in a long-lasting feud with the city and its magistrate, culminating in the revolt in 1418 when local craftsmen killed seven councilors. After the city had defeated the Bohemian Hussites the city was besieged by a combined Polish-Czech force in 1474, however, a ceasefire was signed, according to which the city remained under Hungarian rule. The Reformation reached Breslau already in 1518, and in 1523 the town council unanimously appointed a new pastor and thus introduced the Reformation in Breslau. In 1526, the Habsburg monarchy of Austria inherited Bohemia, Silesia, and the city of Breslau. In 1609 German emperor Rudolf II granted the free exercise of church services to all Bohemian and Silesian Protestants. In the following Thirty Years' War, the city suffered badly. It was occupied by Saxon and Swedish troops and lost 18,000 of its 40,000 residents to the plague. The Counter-Reformation had started with Rudolf II who encouraged Catholic orders to settle in Breslau. The dominance of the German population under the Habsburg rule in the city became more visible, while the Polish population diminished in numbers. After Frederick the Great besieged the city for a year, it surrendered in 1741. In 1742, Queen Maria Theresa handed over Silesia to the Prussian king. - The foundation of the first parish church took place here around 1230. In 1241 a fire during the Tatar invasion destroyed this church building. The church, built in brick, got its present shape in the years 1342 to 1362, while the towers were completed later. The bridge between the two towers, located at a height of 47 meters, was first mentioned in 1459. In 1523, Johann Hess, the reformer of Wroclaw, preached his first sermon in the Magdalenenkirche. From that time until 1945 the church was Protestant. During a fireworks display on the bridge between the towers on March 22, 1887, on the occasion of the 90th birthday of Kaiser Wilhelm I, the north tower of the church caught fire. During the Battle of Wroclaw, the church was severely damaged by bomb hits. About 70% of the interior was destroyed and all the interior furnishings were lost. Two cenotaphs. The children look as if they were frozen to death.

Speyer gained importance, when the Salian dynasty entered the political stage with Holy Roman Emperor Conrad II. He commissioned the construction of of this church, known as the "Imperial Cathedral of Speyer". It was planned to be the largest cathedral worldwide. A display of the Emperor´s power, that was - before the "Investiture Controversy" - secular and ecclesiastical. This "blueprint" from about 1025/1030 got changed later and the even enlarged cathedral was completed in 1106, the year Conrad´s grandson Emperor Henry IV died. Looking up to the vault of the "double chapel", added to the cathedral to the south about 1050. The lower level, dedicated St. Martin and St. Emmeran, is a baptisterium now. The upper level, dedicated St. Catherine of Alexandria is used for displaying relics. On the northern side of the cathedral is the chapel of St. Afra, now a tabernacel. Henry IV was buried in the unconsecrated chapel om 1106 to 1111, when Pope Paschalis II revoked the ban, which had been in effect since 1088. As the history of the cathedral is really complex, I add the Wikipedia-links here: english: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speyer_Cathedral french: fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame-de-l%27A... german: de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speyerer_Dom "Europaeische Stiftung Kaiserdom zu Speyer" has a very good website, but only in German: www.dom-speyer.de/index.html