Martin M. Miles' photos with the keyword: Richard Lionheart

Sicily, the largest Mediterranean island, has a long history, that starts around 8000 BC, but later there were Phoenician, Carthaginian, Greek and Roman periods. After the Roman Empire had fallen apart the Vandals tried to take over the island but failed. Finally, the Ostrogoths took possession. Mid of the 6th century Sicily was conquered by troops of the Byzantine Empire. After the advent of Islam, Sicily got attacked by the Arab forces. Raids seeking loot continued until the mid-8th century. A Muslim army was sent to the island in 827 but met with much resistance. So it took a century to conquer it and even later revolts constantly occurred In 1038 the Byzantines invaded the island supported by Norman mercenaries, led by Roger. In 1072, after the siege of Palermo, most of Sicily was under Norman control. Roger´s son Roger II raised the status of the island to a kingdom in 1130. During this period, the Kingdom of Sicily was prosperous and powerful, The court of Roger II became melting out of culture from Europe and the Middle East. This attracted scholars, scientists, artists, and artisans. Muslims, Jews, Greeks, Lombards, and Normans cooperated and created some extraordinary buildings. In 1186 the last descendant of Roger, Constance of Sicily married Emperor Henry VI, the second son of Barbarossa. So the crown of Sicily was passed on to the Hohenstaufen Dynasty. Frederick II, the only son of Constance, was crowned King of Sicily at the age of four in 1198. He became "Stupor Mundi", one of the greatest and most cultured men of the Middle Ages. Palermo, founded in 734 BC by the Phoenicians, became a possession of Carthage and later was part of the Roman Empire. From 831 to 1072 the city was under Arab rule. Following the Norman conquest, Palermo became the capital of a new Kingdom of Sicily and the capital of the Holy Roman Empire under Emperor Frederick II and King Conrad IV. Today Palermo is a bustling city with a population of about 700.000 plus - many many tourists. Where the Palermo Cathedral ist now, was a Byzantine basilica, probably founded by Pope Gregory I, in the 6th century. After their conquest of the city in the 9th century, the Saracens converted this building into the "Grand Mosque". When the Normans under Roger I took over Palermo the mosque became again a cathedral and the seat of the archbishop. After an earthquake had severely damaged the old building, it was decided to demolish and rebuild it. The new cathedral was erected from 1184 on. In the 14th to 16th centuries, the building underwent continuous expansions and Gothic remodelling. A rebuilding process from 1781 to 1801 changed the cathedral fundamentally. A classical dome above the crossing was erected. So today the cathedral is a 3D-puzzle of bits and pieces of different times and different styles. Since the 19th century renovation, the monumental tombs of kings and emperors, moved to a chapel in the west of the cathedral. Resting in front of his spouse´s sarcophagus and next to his son Frederick II is Henry VI (1167-1197), son of Barbarossa. Henry VI was Holy Roman Emperor from 1191and King of Sicily. He played an important role in the imprisonment of Richard Lionheart. Leopold V of Austria handed over the prominent prisoner to Henry VI , who imprisoned im at Trifels Castle. He held him for a ransom of 150,000 silver marks. Richard procured his release in exchange for this huge ransom, a further interest payment, and his oath of allegiance to Henry.

In 1198 Richard Lionheart had founded a monastery for the Premonstratensian order nearby. The same year this church was completed as well with Richard´s support. The preceding building (~8th century) may have been erected, when nuns from the Sainte-Croix Abbey in Poitiers had fled the Saracens to Jard-sur-Mer, bringing the relics of Saint Radegonde, Queen of the Franks. After Charles Martel´s army had defeated the Arab troops between Tours and Portiers (732) the nuns probably returned. The church of today got fortified in the 15th century and was surrounded by a moat. When Potestant tropps attacked the town in 1568 the church got severely damaged, but it got rebuilt, enlarged and modified. The apse and the chapel are erected in Gothic style.

In 1198 Richard Lionheart had founded a monastery for the Premonstratensian order nearby. The same year this church was completed as well with Richard´s support. The preceding building (~8th century) may have been erected, when nuns from the Sainte-Croix Abbey in Poitiers had fled the Saracens to Jard-sur-Mer, bringing the relics of Saint Radegonde, Queen of the Franks. After Charles Martel´s army had defeated the Arab troops between Tours and Portiers (732) the nuns probably returned. The church of today got fortified in the 15th century and was surrounded by a moat. When Potestant tropps attacked the town in 1568 the church got severely damaged, but it got rebuilt, enlarged and modified. The nave, seen here, is Romaneque, while the later added apse is Gothic.

In 1198 Richard Lionheart had founded a monastery for the Premonstratensian order nearby. The same year this church was completed as well with Richard´s support. The preceding building (~8th century) may have been erected, when nuns from the Sainte-Croix Abbey in Poitiers had fled the Saracens to Jard-sur-Mer, bringing the relics of Saint Radegonde, Queen of the Franks. After Charles Martel´s army had defeated the Arab troops between Tours and Portiers (732) the nuns probably returned. The church of today got fortified in the 15th century and was surrounded by a moat. When Potestant tropps attacked the town in 1568 the church got severely damaged, but it got rebuilt, enlarged and modified.

Richard I of England (aka "Richard Lionheart") was taken prisoner on his return from the Third Crusade by Leopold V, Duke of Austria. He was imprisoned was imprisoned in Dürnstein Castle and later Trifels Castle and was finally released after Emperor Henry VI had received 100,000 pounds of silver as ransom. During this time his brother John Lackland revolted against him with the aid of Philip II of France. Richard Lionheart, who was King of England and Duke of Normandy had this castle built in record time of only two years from 1196 on. After Richard´s death in 1199 the Château Gaillard was taken in 1204 by Philip II, after a lengthy siege. The castle changed hands several times in the Hundred Years' War, but in 1449 the French king captured Château Gaillard from the English definitively, and from then on it remained in French ownership. Henry IV of France ordered the demolition of Château Gaillard in 1599. .. and during the "Tour de France" the wall of the castle is decorated "with a giant "maillot jaune".

An existing celtic settlement was conquered by the Romans 56bC and named Suindinum. Saint Julien du Mans was the first bishop here upto 348. At that time, the first cathedral was built, a predecessor of the medieval cathedral "Saint-Julien du Mans", dedicated to the first bishop. Many half timbered houses from the medieval times line the small cobblestone roads south of the cathedral. This is the "old town" of Le Mans, called "Cité Plantagenêt". It is interesting to walk here in summer over the day, but when night falls, this area can get really spooky, as then a "Nuit des Chimères" begins. A white lady floats through a garden. It is whispered that her name is Berengaria of Navarre. Richard Lionheart´s wife. She wore a white dress like this during the wedding ceremony at Limassol on Cyprus in 1191. www.nuitdeschimeres.com/