Martin M. Miles' photos with the keyword: University

Vilnius is the capital and largest city of Lithuania, with a population of about 600.000. Before WWII, Vilnius was one of the largest Jewish centers in Europe which led to the nickname "the Jerusalem of the North". The city was first mentioned in written sources as Vilna in 1323 as the capital city of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, built a wooden castle on a hill in the city. The city became more widely known after he wrote a circular letter of invitation to Germans and Jews to the principal Hansa towns in 1325, offering free access into his domains to men of every order and profession. At this time Vilnius was facing raids of the Teutonic Order, although they never captured the castle, large portions of the town were burned down between 1365 and 1383. English king Henry IV spent the full year of 1390 supporting the unsuccessful siege of Vilnius by Teutonic Knights with his 300 fellow knights. Between 1503 and 1522, the city was surrounded by a city wall to protect it from Crimean Tatar attacks. The city reached the peak of its development during the reign of Sigismund II. Augustus, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, settled here in 1544. After the foundation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569, the city experienced a further boom, as Stephen Báthory, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, founded the Jesuit College of Vilnius (= Vilnius University) in 1579. The university soon developed into one of the most important scientific and cultural centers in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Today, the university still offers degree programs with internationally recognized content. There are even 3 Bachelor's and 16 Master's programs in English, which attract many "international" students. Today there are more than 20,000 students. Georg Forster who had accompanied his father, Johann Reinhold Forster on James Cook's second voyage to the Pacific, taught at this university from 1783 - 1787. His report "A Voyage Round the World", contributed significantly to the ethnology of the people of Polynesia, and made him a kind of celebrity. His lectures were popular not only among students but as well the city´s aristocraty He donated a couple of his collections to the university when he left. Here are seashells from the Pacific

Vilnius is the capital and largest city of Lithuania, with a population of about 600.000. Before WWII, Vilnius was one of the largest Jewish centers in Europe which led to the nickname "the Jerusalem of the North". The city was first mentioned in written sources as Vilna in 1323 as the capital city of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, built a wooden castle on a hill in the city. The city became more widely known after he wrote a circular letter of invitation to Germans and Jews to the principal Hansa towns in 1325, offering free access into his domains to men of every order and profession. At this time Vilnius was facing raids of the Teutonic Order, although they never captured the castle, large portions of the town were burned down between 1365 and 1383. English king Henry IV spent the full year of 1390 supporting the unsuccessful siege of Vilnius by Teutonic Knights with his 300 fellow knights. Between 1503 and 1522, the city was surrounded by a city wall to protect it from Crimean Tatar attacks. The city reached the peak of its development during the reign of Sigismund II. Augustus, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, settled here in 1544. After the foundation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569, the city experienced a further boom, as Stephen Báthory, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, founded the Jesuit College of Vilnius (= Vilnius University) in 1579. The university soon developed into one of the most important scientific and cultural centers in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Today, the university still offers degree programs with internationally recognized content. There are even 3 Bachelor's and 16 Master's programs in English, which attract many "international" students. Today there are more than 20,000 students. The Church St. John the Baptist and St. John the Apostle is part of the university ensemble. Professors and students used to pray here, and theologians gave sermons. Władysław II. Jagiełło had built the church in 1388 on the occasion of his conversion to Christianity. It was reconstructed in the 16th and 17th centuries. The tower, separate from the church itself, was built in the 16th century. After the great fire in 1737, the church got completely reconstructed in the style of late Baroque. During the 19th century reconstruction, the bulk of the sumptuous Baroque interior was destroyed. In Soviet times the church was closed down and severely damaged. During Hitler's occupation, the Reverend Alfonsas Lipniūnas, who later was killed in a concentration camp, delivered rebellious sermons here. In 1991 the church was returned to its parishioners.

Vilnius is the capital and largest city of Lithuania, with a population of about 600.000. Before WWII, Vilnius was one of the largest Jewish centers in Europe which led to the nickname "the Jerusalem of the North". The city was first mentioned in written sources as Vilna in 1323 as the capital city of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, built a wooden castle on a hill in the city. The city became more widely known after he wrote a circular letter of invitation to Germans and Jews to the principal Hansa towns in 1325, offering free access into his domains to men of every order and profession. At this time Vilnius was facing raids of the Teutonic Order, although they never captured the castle, large portions of the town were burned down between 1365 and 1383. English king Henry IV spent the full year of 1390 supporting the unsuccessful siege of Vilnius by Teutonic Knights with his 300 fellow knights. Between 1503 and 1522, the city was surrounded by a city wall to protect it from Crimean Tatar attacks. The city reached the peak of its development during the reign of Sigismund II. Augustus, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, settled here in 1544. After the foundation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569, the city experienced a further boom, as Stephen Báthory, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, founded the Jesuit College of Vilnius (= Vilnius University) in 1579. The Astronomical Observatory of Vilnius University was founded in 1753 and hence is the fourth oldest observatory in Europe. The sentence under the Zodiac signs reads "Addidit antiquo virtus nova lumina coelo" which translates to "New lights in the sky added to old prowess". Due to light pollution in Vilnius the observatory is no longer able to make astronomical observations, but it continues scientific research.

Cologne is the fourth-largest city in Germany - and one of the oldest. A Germanic tribe, the Ubii, had a settlement here, this was named by the Romans "Oppidum Ubiorum". In 50 AD, the Romans founded "Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium", the city then became the provincial capital of "Germania Inferior". The University of Cologne was established in 1388 and existed until 1798, when the university was abolished by the French, who had invaded Cologne in 1794. In 1919 the university got re-established and with more than 50.000 students is one of the large universities in Germany. The charta was signed in 1919 by Cologne Mayor Konrad Adenauer, who later became Chancellor of Germany (1949–1963). The main building (here seen from the eastern "garden side"), erected in 1934, is embellished with an astronomical clock .