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Figure 14.1
Figure 15.7
Five lobes ~ Monstera
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Humans are Strange creatures
Figure 18.1
Mango, banana, Tangerine....
Georges Cuvier 1769-1832
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De rerum natura ~ Latin: [deː ˈreːrʊn naːˈtuːraː]
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Figure 2.7


The Church of Okewood, where Malthus en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malthusianism as a curate with working on his essay. Malthus probably lived at his father’s house in nearby Albury, whose population of 510 in 1801 had grown to 929 in 1831
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. . . . Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) and David Ricardo (1772-1823) who first formulated the Malthusian model and the associated economic doctrines now called classical economics, thought in terms of the wages of unskilled workers. Thus Ricardo, using similar logic, argued that real wages (as opposed to income per person, which includes land rent and returns on capital) must always eventually return to the subsistence level. Ricardo's proposition later became known as the 'Iron Law of Wages.' Classical economics thus denied the possibility of other than transitory improvements in the living standards of unskilled workers. All the above reasoning about birth rates, death rates, population, and incomes can be carried out equivalently in terms of wages. ~ Page 31
The population explosion seems completely unrelated to the productivity gains in textiles, steam, iron, and agriculture that characterized the Industrial Revolution. For a start, the growth in population was well under way before there were significant productivity gains in any sector. By the 1790s population was already 37 percent higher than in the 1740s. That was why Malthus, writing in 1790s, saw only a problem of excess o=population, not one of population growth driven by economic changes. Since mortality declined little in the era of the Industrial Revolution, most of the increase in population came from fertility increases. ~ Page 243
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